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November 2009

Mellem meningskultur og nærværseffekter: biomedicinens objekter som museal udfordring

By Biomedicine in museums

Adam’s, Camilla’s og min artikel “Between meaning culture and presence effects: contemporary biomedical objects as a challenge to museums” — som sammenfatter grundideen i Medicinsk Museions forskningsproblematik — er nu tilgængelig i en online-version på tidskriftet Studies in History and Philosophy of Science‘s hjemmeside.

Det koster en formue at læse den via tidskriftets hjemmeside i betalingsversionen  — men Københavns Universitetsbibliotek/Det Kongelige Bibliotek og andre universitetsbiblioteker giver gratis access til tidsskriftet via deres elektroniske tidskriftsservice.

Den trykte version kommer først i december.

Her er abstractet:

The acquisition and display of material artefacts is the raison d’être of museums. But what constitutes a museum artefact? Contemporary medicine (biomedicine) is increasingly producing artefacts that do not fit the traditional museological understanding of what constitutes a material, tangible artefact. Museums today are therefore caught in a paradox. On the one hand, medical science and technologies are having an increasing pervasive impact on the way contemporary life is lived and understood and is therefore a central part of the contemporary world. On the other hand, the objects involved in medical diagnostics and therapies are becoming increasingly invisible and intangible and therefore seem to have no role to play as artefacts in a museum context. Consequently, museums are at risk of becoming alienated from an increasingly important part of contemporary society. This essay elaborates the paradox by employing Gumbrecht’s (2004) distinction between ‘presence’ and ‘meaning’.

Biomedical visualisation and society

By Biomedicine in museums

Curators in medical museums that plan to get involved with the powerful practices of contemporary biomedical visualization (we all do, don’t we?) might learn something from the announced ‘Biomedical Visualisations and Society’ seminar and workshop series at the University of Warwick Medical School next spring with the aim 

  • to critically explore the social and political implications of biomedical imaging
  • to gain technical knowledge of visualisation
  • to foster collaboration and networking between early-career researchers

Each of the four two-day workshop will combine a key-note lecture, time for discussion and an opportunity to engage with visualisation in practice. What distingushes this seminar series from many others is exactly the combination of theory and practical approaches.

  • The Transparent body? Diagnostic Radiology, 26-27 January 2010. Keynote Speaker: Kelly Joyce, College of William and Mary, VA, USA. Includes a guided visit to the radiology department of the local hospital with Richard Wellings, Consultant Radiologist, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire.
  • Anatomical Bodies: Plastinated Prosections in Medical Education, 13-14 April 2010. Keynote speaker: Maryon McDonald, University of Cambridge, UK. Includes an introduction to anatomy using plastinated body parts, by Peter Abrahams, Professor of Anatomy, University of Warwick.
  • Virtual Reality and its Application to Healthcare, 24-25 May 2010. Keynote Speaker: Rachel Prentice, Cornell University, USA. Includes a visit to the Digital Lab, University of Warwick, guided by Professor Vinesh Raja.
  • 3D Foetal Ultrasound, 6-7 July 2010. Keynote Speaker: Lisa M. Mitchell, University of Victoria, Canada Includes a visit to 4D scan provider ‘Babybond’, with company director Jan Steward.

The only thing that troubles me about this initiative is that the workshop/seminar website is so visually challenged. I mean, this is a scholarly field with plenty of first-class visual material — and then the website that is supposed to lure postgrad students to attend the workshops looks like it’s competing for the UKPVB (UK prize for visual boredom). Maybe they should have added an aim about tthe aesthetic implications as well 🙂

Beyond text — memories, monuments, machines and madeleines

By Biomedicine in museums

My email inbox is continuously inundated with announcements for workshops, seminars, colloquia, conferences and other kinds of academic gatherings, covering all possible shades of the academic spectrum. Everything of the slightest interest for our job here in the museum gets some attention.

I must admit that over and over again I get a feeling of deja vu (“is there still someone who finds this kind of stuff interesting?”) — but sometimes an announcement pops up on the screen that brings me out of the state of boredom. Like the recent call for papers for a postgrad symposium on ’Mediated Memory: Of Monuments, Machines and Madeleines’ at the University of Glasgow, 29 January next year.

Sponsored by the AHRC‘s current “Beyond Text” programme (!), the symposium is organised in three panels, all of which are highly relevant for museum people interested in visual and material culture.

One deals with ‘monuments’ — the idea being that we memorialise ourselves and our achievements through the production and archiving of material structures and objects, “including architecture, artworks, music, text, museums and archives”. The panel shall investigate the relationship between the construction of memorial objects and modes of remembrance, and “the processes of creating, transmitting, storing and memorialising narratives through objects of memory”. A must-topic for collection curators.

Another panel centers on ‘machines’ in the form of mediating technologies for remembering, such as photography, video, phonography and the Web. The panel will “investigate the effects of the delegation of memory to machines ­technologies in a larger sense ­ upon human experience and its consequences for our personal and public past” (also very museum relevant, of course).

The third panel deals with one of my favourites — ‘madeleines’: “Sights, sounds, smells, tastes, all can transport us instantly”. The panel will explore “how such sensory encounters and chance remembrances inter-relate as well as the wider ways in which unintentional sites of memory participate in the constitution of our lifeworld”. This panel too is a gold mine for museum curators.

<200 word abstracts to m5symposium@googlemail.com by 25th November 2009 (sic!). Further details here.

Hvordan kan erhvervslivet inddrages i museum 2.0?

By Biomedicine in museums

I torsdags (den 11. nov) holdt jeg nedenstående oplæg på Organisationen Danske Museers (ODM) årlige kulturhistoriske orienteringsmøde på Fuglsøcentret. Oplægget var formuleret som en kritisk indledning til eftermiddagens diskussion om sponsorering og branding.

Hvordan kan erhvervslivet inddrages i museum 2.0?

Jeg vil lægge op til et lidt anderledes perspektiv på diskussionen om museer, erhvervsliv og ’museum 2.0’, end de sedvanlige (dvs. sponsorering, erhvervsdrivende fonde og corporate branding). De er i og for sig meget aktuelle for museerne nu om dage – men jeg vil problematisere denne sedvanlige tilgang ved at tage udgangspunkt i ’museum 2.0’-begrebet.

‘Museum 2.0’
Der findes lidt forskellige meninger om hvad ’museum 2.0’ står for. Mange gange bliver begrebet lidt misbrugt. Fx på Smithsonian Institution er man begyndt at forholde sig meget entusiastisk til ‘museum 2.0’, men man tænker det primært som det den klassiske museuminstitution plus digitale web 2.-0-medier, dvs Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, Wikipedia, etc.

Det er en overfladisk forståelse af ’museum 2.0’. Det handler ikke primært om digitalisering, eller om at klistre interaktiv IT på udstilingerne, eller om at museet skal være på Facebook.

’Museum 2.0’ handler grundlæggende om at tænke museet analogt med sociale web-medier – som om det var web 2.0. Dvs. man låner tankegangen fra ’the participatory web’ og overfører den til museumsinstitutionen.

Nina Simon (som har den hyperaktive museum 2.0-blog og som vi f.ø. inviterede til en frokostdiskussion her på Medicinsk Museion for et par uger siden) identificerer fire træk ved ’museum 2.0’:

• museet er mere en indholdsplatform end en indholdsudbyder – dvs. museet fungerer som site for mange forskellige indholdsudbydere (udover dets eget personale)

• museet har en specifik ‘deltagerarkitektur’ som kan generere netværkseffekter – dvs. man tænker arkitektonisk på hvordan de forskellige aktiviteter på platformen hænger sammen og tænker hele tiden på hvordan de kan skabe største mulige netværk omkring museumsplatformen.

• udstillingerne er perpetual beta (et begreb der er lånt fra softwareudvikling)  — dvs. undstillinger har ingen specifik åbningsdag, da de står færdige, men de er under offentlig opbygning og fortsætter at udvikle sig kontinuerligt langt efter ‘åbningsdagen’.

• man tænker museet som et flexibel, modulopbygget supportsystem for indholdsudbyderne og indholdsbrugerne – lidt analog til widgets och applets på hjemmesider

Og jeg kunne lægge til, fx
crowdsourcing – en business-model hvor man inviterer en hel masse folk til at udvikle nye koncepter, designe en udstilling, bidrage til samlinger, etc.

Faktisk behøver ’museum 2.0’ slet ikke være digitaliseret. Og slet ikke bruge digitale web 2.0-medier. Det afgørende i ’museum 2.0’-begrebet er at tænke deltagelse og medproduktion radikalt igennem – og her tilbyder web 2.0-diskussionen altså nogle kraftfulde koncepter.

‘Museum 2.0’ er et godt udgangspunkt for at gentænke brugerinvolvering
Hele 2.0-diskussionen er, som jeg forstår den, afledt af en meget bredere diskussion om demokratisk indflydelse på det offentlige område (brugerinvolvering / participatory democracy / public participation; kært barn har mange navne). Dvs. man vil komme ud over det repræsentative demokrati og tænke offentlige institutioner i mere direkte deltagelse. Borgene skal ikke bare forbruge offentlige kulturydelser, vi skal selv være med til at skabe dem, vi skal have indflydelse på hvordan de bliver tilrettelagt etc.

Det er jo i og for sig en gammel diskussion, men den har fået fornyet aktualitet med fremvæksten af sociale web-teknologier.

Museerne (i hvert fald i de Skandinaviske lande) er jo en delmængde af den store offentlige sektor – dvs. de er statslige el. kommunale, eller i hvert fald offentligt støttede – og de har offentligt tilgængelige udstillinger som deres vigtigste ydelse.

Så for museernes del handler ’museum 2.0’-diskussionen (altså ikke den om digitalisering, men den om radikal brugerinvolvering) om hvordan borgerne kan få indflydelse på de offentligt tilgængelige udstillinger – og medvirke i opbygningen af formidlingen.

Dvs. opgaven er at komme væk fra den klassiske envejskommunikation styret af de offentligt ansatte museums- og udstillingsinspektører – og i stedet få gang i en dialogisk udstillingsvirksomhed, hvor brugerne er med og bestemmer hvad museet skal vise, og hvordan udstillingerne skal opbygges og fortolkes.

Det er sagt før. Men ’museum 2.0’-diskussionen tilbyder altså et interessant begrebsapparat for at gentænke ideen om brugerinvolvering.

(I parentes skal jeg sige, at brugerinvolvering ikke nødvendigvis er alles kop té – jeg mener, det er ikke altid man har lyst til at involvere sig. Jeg gider fx ikke have indflydelse på udstillingerne på Statens Museum for Kunst – jeg vil bare nyde hvad de knalddygtige inspektører derinde nu finder på at hænge på væggerne. Så der er selvfølgelig grænser for brugerinvolvering.)

Men da det er sagt, så har museerne stadigvæk lang vej at gå inden brugerinvolvering begynder at direkte blive et problem. Vi har langt tilbage til smertegrænsen.

Hvor kommer erhvervslivet ind i billedet?
’Museum 2.0’-diskussionen handler primært om de offentlige museers udstillinger.

Men hvor kommer erhvervslivet ind i ’museum 2.0’-billedet?

Eftermiddagens program på Fuglsømødet handler om sponsorering, erhvervsdrivende fonde og corporate branding: det står ’erhvervsliv’ skrevet med store bogstaver over eftermiddagens program. Det afspejler at museerne — i en bestemt optik — er gevaldigt interesserade i erhvervslivet. Museerne er pressede af dårlig økonomi. Museerne henvender sig til det private erhversliv. Museerne jagter sponsorer. Og omvendt ser virksomhederne museerne som en mulighed for corporate branding.

I sponsorerings/branding-optiken er erhvervslivet lige med bestyrelsesrum, administrerende direktører, salgsafdelinger og kommunikationsafdelinger. Fair nok – det er meget naturligt for museer som Nationalmuseet, Statens Museum for Kunst og kunstmuseerne i det hele taget, ligesom det er for bymuseerne, de regionale museer osv. – at se erhvervslivet som en potentiel pengekasse.

Men det er kun den ene side af erhvervslivet. For en anden stor gruppe museer ser erhvervslivet lidt anderledes ud. Jeg tænker på museer som Post- og Telemuseet, Danmarks Tekniske Museum, Elmuseet, Danmarks Industrimuseum, Danmarks Mediemuseum, det kommende Dansk Datahistorisk Museum (og sådan set også Tøjhusmuseet) – og naturligvis mit eget museum, Medicinsk Museion.

For alle os gælder det at erhvervslivet i lige så høj grad er de ansatte i virksomhederne. For vores museer handler relationen til erhverslivet ikke kun om sponsorering og corporate brandning (det gør det måske også) – men det handler i høj grad også om at vi har en fælles fascination for erhvervslivet og dets historie — en fascination som gør at vi er interesserede i at samarbejde fagligt, udveksle faglig viden og i det hele taget tænke i termer af en fælles kulturarv.

For vores museer er relationen til erhvervslivet således mere et slags ’på gulvet’-interessefællesskab mellem de ansatte på museerne og de ansatte i virksomhederne, snarare end en branding/sponsorerings-relation.

For Medicinsk Museions del handlar det fx om et fællesskab med:
• forskere, teknikere, administratører og arbejdere i de store farmavirksomheder (Løvens, Novozymes, Novo Nordisk, m.fl.) og de mange små og middelstore biotekvirksomheder
• ingenjører, designere, administratører og sælgere i den medikotekniske industri (Oticon, Radiometer osv.)
• læger, sygeplejersker, kontorpersonale etc. på privathospitalerne

Hvis vi også inddrager de selvstændige små erhversdrivende, så har vi også et kulturfælleskab med i alt ca. 10.000 praktiserende læger og private tandlæger.

Og hvis vi (med god ret) tillader os at udvide erhvervslivsbegrebet til også at gælde sygehussektoren (fordi den efterhånden drives efter New Public Management-principper), så har vi også et kulturarvsfællesskab med de ca. 80.000 ansatte (læger, sygeplejersker, forskere, ingeniører, bioanalytikere, sekretærer, portører m.m.) i sygehusvæsnet.

I denne optik får erhvervslivet mere kød og blod. Erhvervslivet er ikke bare en sponsormulighed, men (for Medicinsk Museions del) over 150.000 ansatte i sundhedsvæsnet. Mennesker som har en potentiel meget stor interesse for sundhedssektorns historie, kultur og æstetik.

Disse 150.000 ansatte i det ‘medicinske erhvervsliv’ er ikke kun brugere af museets udstillinger. Inspirerede af ’museum 2.0’-diskussionen er vi begyndt at opfatte dem som medproducenter.

Ikke bare som potentielle medproducenter af udstillinger – men også medproducenter af samlinger. I princippet er hver og én af disse 100.000 ansatte i det medisinske erhvervsliv en frivillig museumsinspektør.

Og så begynder det at blive interessant udfra et ’museum 2.0’-perspektiv. For nu kan vi tænke ’museum 2.0’ mere konkret. For exampel:

• Hvordan kan vi invitere medikotekniske virksomheder til at blive indholdsudbydere? Hvordan kan vi stille museet til rådighed som en indholdsplatform (uden at det udarter til kommerciel salgsudstilling)?

• Hvordan kan vi inddrage forskere, læger og ingeniører som kritiske medproducenter af udstillinger? Hvordan kan de hjælpe os med at kontinuerligt revidere udstillingerne i perpetual beta?

• Hvordan kan vi mobilisere forskere, læger, sygeplejersker og klinikassistenter til at fungere som tusindevis af frivillige samlingsinspektører i en crowdsourcing-indsamlingsprocess?

Opsummering
Det ’museum 2.0’-diskussionen lægger op til, er at vi i højere grad bør opfatte forholdet mellem de ansatte på museerne og de ansatte i erhvervslivet som et identitets- og erkendelsesfællesskab.

Diskusionen om dette interessefællesskab er mindst lige så vigtig for museernes fremtid som den sedvanlige diskussion om sponsorerings- og brandingrelationer mellem museer og erhvervsliv.

Jeg tror ikke valget står mellem at holde sig på klassisk fornem afstand fra erhverslivet hhv. at sælge sin museale sjæl til højstbydende sponsor. Jeg tror på en tredje mulighed – at udvikle et meget tættere samarbejde mellem museerne og erhvervslivet der begynder nedefra, fra gulvet (laboratoriebænken, computerskærmen, skrivebordet).

Flere museer har allerede et fint og tillidsfuldt fagligt samarbejde med erhvervlivet. Jeg synes at det fortsatte diskussion om relationen mellem museerne og erhvervslivet skal tage udgangspunkt i dette samarbejde. For ellers ender det hele i sponsorering, branding og overfladisk oplevelsesøkonomisk tankegang.

Meeting on university collections and their integration into everyday uni life

By Biomedicine in museums

German-speaking medical museum curators should be interested in a symposium on university museums and collections to be held at the Humboldt University, Berlin, 18 – 20 February 2010 , organised by the Hermann von Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Kulturtechnik and the Berliner Medizinhistorischen Museum der Charite:

Das Symposium setzt sich u.a. zum Ziel, gemeinsam nach neuen Aufgaben fur Universitätsmuseen und -sammlungen zu suchen, Strategien zu entwickeln, um den Fortbestand der Sammlungen sicherzustellen und Zukunftskonzepte zu erörtern, die traditionelle Universitätssammlungen besser in den Hochschulalltag integrieren und den heutigen Anspruchen von Forschung, Lehre und Wissenschaftskommunikation gerecht werden. Daruber hinaus soll ein Netzwerk fur Universitätsmuseen und -sammlungen im deutschsprachigen Raum etabliert werden, um den dringend erforderlichen Austausch von Erfahrungen und Kenntnissen in Gang zu setzen.

See further: http://universitaetsmuseen.hu-berlin.de (conference language will be German)

What does 'medical progress' mean? A philosophical perspective

By Biomedicine in museums

Historians of medicine have largely eschewed notions like ‘progress’ and ‘advance’ in medical science and medical practice in favour of more historicist and relativistic understandings. But for medical practitioners and patients alike, the notions of ‘progress’ and ‘advance’ usually make more sense. Some philosophers too think it is time to refocus on the idea of ‘medical progress’.

A forthcoming conference at the University of Bristol (13-15 April 2010) will address the following topics:

To identify progressive trends in current medicine, we need to understand the nature of historical progress more clearly. Has medicine always progressed? If not when did it begin to progress, and why? Historians have long debated these questions. Most recently, David Wootton’s controversial argument that medicine only started to progress in the late 19th century, has renewed interest on the nature of progress in medicine. These questions invite the following further questions.

We need to understand how progress in medicine should be measured. The range and effectiveness of available interventions is an obvious metric, but there has been considerable recent interest in preventive medicine. What are the limits of preventive medicine? Are preventive strategies truly medical, or an admission of the limitations of medicine?

There is a need for greater clarity on the nature of health and disease, if we are to understand progress in promoting the former and treating the latter. Are these concepts biostatistical (as Boorse argues) or partly normative (e.g. Kingma)? What role do social pressures, such as conceptions of acceptable weight, height or sexual characteristics play in shaping the distinction between medically necessary and elective interventions? Is health just the absence of disease, or does modern medicine need to acknowledge a more inclusive notion of well-being?

There is a particular need for greater clarity on these questions as they apply to psychological disorders and the various psychiatric, psycho-therapeutic, and psycho-pharmacological interventions designed to deal with them. The distinction between health and disease is especially unclear in the psychological case, and the history of medicine shows it to be especially fluid.

It is necessary to differentiate the perspectives of medical scientists, clinicians, and patients concerning the nature of progress, and related notions such as a successful treatment outcome. The most dramatic illustration of this need is perhaps the recent controversy on voluntary euthanasia, where Hippocratic principles appear to be at odds with patients’ own desires.

To further medical progress, it is necessary to identify its causes. Is progress driven by advances in basic physiological science? Or by clinical need? By some combination of these—in which case how do they interact?

Insofar as medical knowledge progresses, is there a single, unified methodology for generating that progress, e.g. ‘the scientific method as applied to medicine’? Recent debates concerning Evidence Based Medicine and randomized controlled trials have highlighted the need for clear answers to this question. Is the RCT a “gold standard”, or are there a number of ways of coming to know in medicine? Are these ways incommensurable, or does can a “hierarchy of evidence” (such as that advocated by proponents of EBM) provide a clinically useful basis of comparison and ranking?

The conference will encourage the involvement of methodologically interested medical professionals, philosophers of medicine and historians of medicine. More here.

The culture of curiosity (or: keep an eye on OBSERVATORY)

By Biomedicine in museums

We here at Medical Museion are always on the outlook for new and interesting institutional experiments to learn from. This week’s announcement of up-coming events at OBSERVATORY is inspirational:

The Culture of Curiosity is everywhere these days. Wunderkammern appear in popular art, cutting-edge fashion, film, books and museum exhibitions. This aesthetic has proved surprisingly durable and popular for over 600 years. From temple to home to museum, the Culture of Curiosity continues to exert an irresistible pull on our collective psyches, and it shows no signs of falling from favor any time soon.

I guess our (formerly) own Camilla — who has specialised in how the practice of the Wunderkammer can be transferred to present-day museum practice — couldn’t have said it better. (By the way, her book on Ole Worm’s Wunderkammer, Genstandsfortællinger, is about to be published in Danish…).

So here is OBSERVATORY’s current event programme:

  • Friday, November 13th: The Culture of Curiosity – with Evan Michelson, co-owner of Obscura Antiques & Oddities(AKA “The Morbid Anatomy Gift Shop”).
  • Sunday, November 15th: Cranioklepty: Grave Robbing and the Search for Genius – with Colin Dickey.
  • Saturday, November 21st: Opening of OBSERVATORY’s next art exhibition, ALL SORTS OF REMEDIES: work by Herbert Pfostl.
  • Friday, December 4th: Occult America – a talk by Mitch Horowitz.
  • Thursday, December 10th: Exquisite Corpses – Illustrated Lecture and Artifacts from the Mütter Museum with the museum’s director, Robert D. Hicks.
  • Friday, December 18th: Art as Magic and the Cold Hard Facts of Life: Herbert Pfostl in conversation with James Walsh.

Wish I lived in Brooklyn, NY. For CO2-reasons, I wouldn’t even think of flying over there. For more information, see www.observatoryroom.org

Popular dissection pics

By Biomedicine in museums

Guess what’s currently the most popular history of medicine topic among American science readers. Plague? Noops — it’s dissection and body parts: John Harley Warner and Jim Edmonson’s beautifully illustrated Dissection: Photographs of a Rite of Passage in American Medicine 1880-1930 (see earlier post about the book here) is right now among Amazon’s Top Ten Best Books of Science (in Science Editor’s Picks). Congrats, dear colleagues!

Scientific instruments in the history and philosophy of (medical) science

By Biomedicine in museums

The creative editors or Spontaneous Generations: A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science (see earlier mention here) are planning a focused discussion section on scientific instruments in a forthcoming issue of the journal.

With the “practical turn” in history and philosophy of science came a renewed interest in scientific instruments. Although they have become a nexus for worries about empiricism and standards of evidence, instruments only rarely feature as primary sources for scholars in the history and philosophy of science. Even historians of technology have been accused of underutilizing the evidence embodied in material objects (Corn 1996). The fundamental questions are not settled. First, there is no general agreement as to what counts as a scientific instrument: Are simulations instruments? Can people function as instruments? Do economic or sociological instruments operate in the same way as material instruments? There is a second, related debate about how scientific instruments work: Is there a unified account? Do instruments produce knowledge or produce effects? Do they extend our senses (Humphreys 2006) or embody knowledge (Baird 2006)? Third, HPS has seen a variety of approaches to fitting instruments into broader historical and philosophical questions about scientific communities and practices: Shapin and Schaffer (1985) relate instruments to the scientific life, Galison (1997) gives instrument makers equal footing with theorists and experimentalists within the trading zone of scientific discourse, and Hacking (1983) elevates instruments to central importance in the realism-antirealism debate. Finally, it seems plausible that there are methodological concerns specific to scientific instruments: What lessons can we draw from anthropology, material culture, and other allied fields?

I hardly need to emphasise that many instruments for medical and biomedical research fall into the category of ‘scientific instruments’ — so, if you’ve got a good idea for a 1000-3000 word essay, don’t hesitate to send your submission before 26 February 2010.

For more details, see http://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/SpontaneousGenerations

What's a university museum?

By Biomedicine in museums

University of Copenhagen has several museums (among them Medical Museion). And our university isn’t alone. Many, if not most, universities around the world have their own museums, or at least historical collections. There are in fact so many of the kind that the international museum council (ICOM) has set up a subcommittee specifically for university museums and collections (UMAC).

What defines a ‘university museum’? The only criterion for membership in UMAC seems to be that the museum shall be part of a university organisation — contentwise it can be about almost anything related to the university. So from UMAC’s point of view, a ‘university museum’ is primarily defined by ownership.

Fair enough, but otherwise, when thinking of ‘university museums’ most people probably think in terms of content — i.e, ‘university museums’ are institutions that collect and display the history of the university. (In the same way that we think of an ‘army museum’ as one that collects and displays artefacts from the history of the armed forces, irrespective of whether it is owned by the army or by the city.) A ‘university museum’ has all kinds of stuff from good old university days, maybe even the university’s archive and image collection.

However, in our internal discussions here at Medical Museion I have often thought of ‘university museum’ in a third sense, namely as a museum that functions as a university unit. And this in turn has everything to do with criteria for success.

The usual basic success criterion for museums is the popularity of their exhibitions and the number of visitors; the success criterion for university units on the other hand is the quality and originality of their research.

What distinguishes a ‘university museum’ in this third sense is that its criterion for success lies closer to that of the university than that of the ordinary museum. It’s the quality and originality of its research, curatorship and exhibition work that defines it as a ‘university museums’.

Of course, university museums want people (in large numbers) to see their exhibitions. But that aside, the basic criterion for success is whether their research and curatorial work contributes to new museological agendas or not. Better provide original solutions to small but fundamental display problems than build big and popular exhibitions.

In other words, in contrast to museums in general, which are institutions with a broad, popular appeal, ‘university museums’ are basically elitist institutions.